Roanoke Island 1585 - Sir Walter Raleigh, at his own expense and with CHARTER from England's Queen Elizabeth 1 arrived with FIVE ships with 100 colonists (many his servants) to set base on Roanoke ISLE off the NORTH CAROLINA COAST. partly to aid continued raids on SPANISH SHIPPING. year later, abandoned venture, returned to ENGLAND. 2ND group year after, fate was a mystery supply ship arrives 1590, colonists gone, perhaps joining indians. "CROATON" carved on tree. Raleigh, nearly bankrupt, lost enthusiasm for colonization. Samuel de Champlain - Navigator, Explorer, mapmaker, soldier, called the FATHER OF NEW FRANCE funded by french fur trade company, founded QUEBEC 1608. LAKE CHAMPLAIN, between borders of Canada and US, named by him. FIRST to explore and describe GREAT Lakes, start trade companies of fur and goods, sending back to France, oversaw developments in the ST LAWRENCE RIVER VALLEY areas He also established a college at Quebec, children of the Indians were trained and taught FRENCH Navigation acts - Parliament passed acts to control colonial trade and bolster English mercantile system 1650-1775. Enforcement of led to much resentment among colonists. 1st 1651 - confined colonial trade to ENGLISH SHIPS AND PORTS, to challenge DUTCH hold on international commerce. UNDER CROMWELL 1660, 1663 new acts established MERCANTILSM so ENGLAND gets and enjoys profits of ENG empire. CERTAIN GOODS, essentially most valuable from colonies, tobacco, sugar, most be transported on english ships and sold first in english ports. Same for exports to colonies, + customs duties. helped merchants,manufacs, shipbuilders, sailors to reap benefits of taxes stimulated rise in NEW ENGLAND SHIPBUILDING. greatly violated, smuggling continued BOARD OF TRADE to oversee/investigate......followed by SUGAR AND STAMP ACTS WILLIAM PENN - society of friends Colonial founder/proprieter of pennsylvania, religious freedom, relation with INDIANS. Pacifist QUAKER, HIS democratic principles AND HOLY EXPERIMENT for PENNSLY, helped to inspire goals of later US CONSTITUTION. LAST COLONY TO BE ESTABLISHED, 1681. LIBERTY UNIVERSAL ENTITLEMENT. ELECTED ASSEMBLY urged colonies to unite as one body long before others. GOT COLONY AS PAYMENT FROM KING FOR DEBTS TO HIS FATHER. Believed in equality of all persons, blacks, indians, women, and the 'PRIMACY OF THE CONSCIENCE' "CHAIN OF FREEDOM" pleased indians , gave protection from rival tribes BACON'S REBELLION- 1676 sparked by minor conflict of indians and settlers in Virginias western frontier. Settlers demand extermination or removal of indians to open more land for whites. indian massacres, full fledged rebellion against COLONIAL GOVERNOR BERKELY AND HIS SYSTEM OF RULE. led by NATHANIAL BACON, WEALTHY PLANTER CALLED FOR REMOVAL, LOWER TAXES, AND END OF RULE BY THE "GRANDEES" BERKELY CORRUPT REGIME OF WEALTHY TOBACCO PLANTERS, took vote away and gave it only to land owners, poverty among whites, tobacco taxation, protected indian property -feared war, but whites angered at this BULK OF HIS REBELLION WAS BY DISCONTENTED MEN WHO HAD BEEN SERVANTS. GOT AN ARMED FORCE, BURNED JAMESTOWN TO THE GROUND. berkeley flees, BACON BECAME RULER, PLUNDERED ESTATES OF BERKELY'S SUPPORTERS. british squadron of warships, restored order, 23 hung, bacon sick soon died. CHARTER OF LIBERTY - APRROVED 1682 OFFERED CHRISTIAN LIBERTY TO ALL WHO AFFIRMED BELIEF IN GOD. no established church in PENN. right to worship, WILLIAM PENN'S BABY. Strict morality code, no swearing, drunkenness, adultery. VIRTOUS CITIZENRY WOULD BE FOUNDATION OF penn's SOCIAL ORDER. CASPER WISTAR - pennslyvania QUAKER, became one of richest men in PENN, arriving 1717 german penniless immigrant, became brit subject in 1724, became major manufacture. bought much urban and rural land sold land mostly to germans started international trading VIA LONDON AND CONTACTS IN GERMANY started work in soap and brass, then his own GLASS BUSINESS, PROLLY FIRST AFTER JAMESTOWN AMERICAN PHILOSOPHICAL SOCIETY - STARTED BY BEN FRANKLIN, 1727, as JUNTO, a "a club for mutual improvement". weekly meetings to discuss political and economic questions. 12 members , evolved into much larger AMER PHIL SOC. similar things in boston and new york. Mainly men of property and commerce, but some ordinary citizens as well. Coffeehouses, taverns for social conviviality and political debate. GREAT AWAKENING- relig revival movement 1720's to 1740's, spread by self taught ministers like ENGLISH REVIVALIST GEORGE WHITEFIELD AND new england minister JOHN EDWARDS. BAPTISTS, METHODISTS BEGAN. local events united by a commitment to a "RELIGION OF THE HEART". A TRANSATLANTIC MOVEMENT. whitefield most credited with sparking it, arrived in colonies 1739. spoke throughout the colonies of a NEW BIRTH, KNOWING ONE'S SINS AND PLEADING FOR DIVINE GRACE. JOY OF SALVATION , HORROR OF DAMNATION. "ARE YOU SAVED?" FIRST MAJOR INTER-COLONIAL EVENTS . SPARKED BAPTISTS, METHODISTS CHURCHES, WHICH MANY QUESTIONED TAXES to support established chuches, defeneded relig freedom, natural right govt must not restrict. JOHN PETER ZENGER MOST FAMOUS COLONIAL CASE OF FREEDOM OF THE PRESS. 1735 TRIAL , GERMAN BORN PRINTER, NEW YORK newspaper THE WEEKLY JOURNAL, financed by opps of governor COSBY, it lambasted him for corruption, influence peddling, and tyranny. ARRESTED FOR SEDITIOUS LIBEL. Court said judge only if he did print, not if true, but lawyer ANDY HAMILTON, urged jury to determine if claims were TRUE, must acquit him. they did helped ingrain the idea of free expression, publication of truth, should always be permitted. Neolin - Delaware indians religous prophet, inspired Pontiac's rebellion in the OHIO VALLEY AND GREAT LAKES AREA 1763 against british rule, had religious vision where MASTER OF LIFE, instructed that his people must reject EURO tech, free themselves commercially, live traditionally,no alcohol, a nd drive BRITS AWAY, though friendly french could stay --, and the sense of PAN-INDIAN IDENTITY .. all indians single people, only uniting would save them. TOWNSHEND ACTS- 1767 parliament measures to tax imported tea and other imp goods, established board of customs committee with rights to collect and suppress smuggling. named for Charles Townshend, chief finacial minister, repealed, about 1770, except for tea followed the stamp act crisis, several colonies REIMPOSED bans on british goods as before, though opposition to this act developed slower. Joseph GALLOWAY - approx 1775 PENNSLYVANIA LEADER, DELEGATE TO 2ND CONTL CONGRESS. WORKED ON COMPROMISE OF BRITISH AND COLONIAL DEBATES OVER INDEPENDANCE, AND BRITISH TAXING ACTS. WORRIED independance that constant disputes would erupt with independance, predicted a north/south colony war, AMERICANS CAN ONLY HAVE "true liberty" , self govt, and security under THE BRITISH EMPIRE. OTHER'S FELT SAME : ANARCHY FROM BELOW AS MUCH A DANGER AS TYRANNY FROM ABOVE lamenting : many supporters of INDEP would find it "very agreeable" to divide the property of rich among the poor. COMMON SENSE THOMAS PAINE's jan, 1776 pamphlet by "an englishman" , recent philly immigrant, craftsman and minor government official. GAVE GRASP OF INNER LOGIC AND VISION OF THE SIGNIFCANCE OF AMERICAN INDEPENDANCE. "SOMETHING ABSURD in supposing a continent to be perpetually governed by an island" "of more worth is one honest man to society' than all the crowned ruffians who ever lived. wanted frequent elections, rights protected by written constitution. wrote of MONARCHICAL TYRANNY, the king, AND ARISTOCRATICAL TYRANNY of peers new nation would be the HOME OF FREEDOM , THE "asylum for mankind" TIED THE economic HOPES OF NEW NATION TO idea of Commercial Freedom. colonies would benefit not being involved in BRITAIN'S IMPERIAL EURO CONFLICTS british membership is a burden, not a benefit Battle of Saratoga - defeat if BRIT GEN John Burgoyne, came south from CANADA, 5000 troops, Saratoga NY. OCTOBER 17, 1777. PLAN was to meet up with HOWE's new york troops, but he had gone to siege philly, blocked by colonial troops, surrounded, forced to surrender. BIG BOOST TO AMERICAN MORALE. helped to pursuade FRANCE to help and soon SPAIN STONO REBELLION- SEPTEMBER 1739, SOUTH CAROLINA SLAVES mostly from KONGO, seized a store with weapons at STONO. many had been soldiers. beating drums, attracting followers, marched toward FLORIDA, killing whites, burning homes, shouting LIBERTY swelled to 100 slaves. SC MILITIA DISPERSED THEM, 40 killed, others reached florida, where in 1740 they armed by SPANISH helped repel attack on ST AUGUSTINE BY A FORCE FROM GEORGIA. led to a sever tightening of SOUTH CAROLINA slave code and a PROHIBITIVE tax on imported slaves.